Chapter Review the Scope of Biology Answer Key

Introduction to the Study of Biology

Biological science is the written report of life and living things through rigorously-tested and peer-reviewed scientific research methods.

Learning Objectives

Describe the field of biology

Primal Takeaways

Primal Points

• Biology has evolved equally a field of science since it was first studied in ancient civilizations, although mod biology is a relatively contempo field.
• Scientific discipline is a process that requires the testing of ideas using show gathered from the natural world. Scientific discipline is iterative in nature and involves disquisitional thinking, careful data collection, rigorous peer review, and the communication of results.
• Science also refers to the body of noesis produced by scientific investigation.
• Pseudoscience is a belief presented as scientific although it is not a product of scientific investigation.

Cardinal Terms

• pseudoscience: Whatever belief purported to be scientific or supported by science that is non a product of scientific investigation.
• science: A process for learning near the natural world that tests ideas using evidence gathered from nature.
• Biology: A natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms.

The Written report of Life

Biological science is a natural science concerned with the written report of life and living organisms. Modernistic biology is a vast and eclectic field composed of many specialized disciplines that written report the construction, function, growth, distribution, evolution, or other features of living organisms. Even so, despite the wide scope of biology, at that place are certain full general and unifying concepts that govern all study and research:

• the prison cell is the basic unit of life
• genes (consisting of Dna or RNA) are the bones unit of heredity
• evolution accounts for the unity and variety seen amongst living organisms
• all organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy
• all organisms maintain a stable internal environment

Biology: The Study of Life: A collection of organisms clockwise from superlative left: bacteria, koala, fern, toadstool, tree frog, tarantula.

Biological research indicates the kickoff forms of life on Earth were microorganisms that existed for billions of years before the evolution of larger organisms. The mammals, birds, and flowers so familiar to us are all relatively contempo, originating within the last 200 million years. Modern-appearing humans, Man sapiens, are a relatively new species, having inhabited this planet for just the concluding 200,000 years (approximately).

Stromatolites: Stromatolites, sedimentary accretions formed by the deportment of blue-green alga, provide fossil testify of life on Earth about 3.v billion years ago.

History of Biology

Although modern biology is a relatively contempo development, sciences related to and included within it have been studied since ancient times. Natural philosophy was studied as early as the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indian subcontinent, and China. Yet, the origins of mod biology and its arroyo to the written report of nature are nearly oft traced back to ancient Hellenic republic. (Biology is derived from the Greek word "bio" meaning "life" and the suffix "ology" meaning "written report of.")

Advances in microscopy also had a profound impact on biological thinking. In the early 19th century, a number of biologists pointed to the central importance of the cell and in 1838, Schleiden and Schwann began promoting the now universal ideas of the cell theory.  Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was the first to nowadays a coherent theory of evolution, although information technology was the British naturalist Charles Darwin who spread the theory of natural selection throughout the scientific community. In 1953, the discovery of the double helical structure of DNA marked the transition to the era of molecular genetics.

Phrenology: Dr. Spurzheim's divisions of the organs of phrenology marked externally: Phrenology is a pseudoscience that attempted to decide brain function and personality past analyzing an individual's skull.

Science and Pseudoscience

Science is a process for learning virtually the natural earth. Nigh scientific investigations involve the testing of potential answers to important research questions. For case, oncologists ( cancer doctors) are interested in finding out why some cancers respond well to chemotherapy while others are unaffected. Based on their growing knowledge of molecular biological science, some doctors suspect a connectedness between a patient's genetics and their response to chemotherapy. Many years of research have produced numerous scientific papers documenting the testify for a connection betwixt cancer, genetics, and treatment response. Once published, scientific information is available for anyone to read, learn from, or fifty-fifty question/dispute.  This makes science an iterative, or cumulative, procedure, where previous research is used as the foundation for new research. Our current understanding of whatever outcome in the sciences is the culmination of all previous work.

Pseudoscience is a belief presented as scientific although information technology is not a production of scientific investigation. Pseudoscience is often known as fringe or alternative science. Information technology normally lacks the carefully-controlled and thoughtfully-interpreted experiments which provide the foundation of the natural sciences and which contribute to their advancement.

Scientific Reasoning

Science is noesis obtained from logical inferences and deductive experimentation that attempts to embrace nature.

Learning Objectives

Compare and contrast theories and hypotheses

Central Takeaways

Key Points

• A hypothesis is a statement/prediction that can exist tested by experimentation.
• A theory is an explanation for a fix of observations or phenomena that is supported by all-encompassing enquiry and that tin exist used as the basis for further inquiry.
• Inductive reasoning draws on observations to infer logical conclusions based on the evidence.
• Deductive reasoning is hypothesis-based logical reasoning that deduces conclusions from test results.

Key Terms

• theory: a well-substantiated caption of some aspect of the natural world based on knowledge that has been repeatedly confirmed through ascertainment and experimentation
• hypothesis: a tentative conjecture explaining an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by farther observation, investigation, and/or experimentation

The Process of Science

Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning "cognition") tin be defined as knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of general laws, particularly when acquired and tested by the scientific method. The steps of the scientific method will be examined in detail later, but one of the most important aspects of this method is the testing of hypotheses (testable statements) by means of repeatable experiments. Although using the scientific method is inherent to science, it is inadequate in determining what science is. This is considering it is relatively piece of cake to utilise the scientific method to disciplines such as physics and chemical science, but when it comes to disciplines like archaeology, paleoanthropology, psychology, and geology, the scientific method becomes less applicative as it becomes more difficult to repeat experiments.

These areas of study are still sciences, yet. Consider archaeology: fifty-fifty though one cannot perform repeatable experiments, hypotheses may still be supported. For case, an archaeologist can hypothesize that an aboriginal culture existed based on finding a piece of pottery. Farther hypotheses could be made about various characteristics of this culture. These hypotheses may be constitute to be plausible (supported by data) and tentatively accepted, or may be falsified and rejected altogether (due to contradictions from data and other findings).  A grouping of related hypotheses, that have not been disproven, may eventually lead to the evolution of a verified theory.  A theory is a tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena that is supported by a large body of bear witness. Science may exist ameliorate defined as fields of written report that endeavor to comprehend the nature of the universe.

Scientific Reasoning

One thing is mutual to all forms of scientific discipline: an ultimate goal "to know."  Marvel and inquiry are the driving forces for the development of science.  Scientists seek to understand the world and the manner it operates.  To do this, they utilize 2 methods of logical thinking: inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning.

Scientific Reasoning: Scientists utilize 2 types of reasoning, inductive and deductive, to accelerate scientific cognition.

Anterior reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general decision. This type of reasoning is common in descriptive science.  A life scientist such as a biologist makes observations and records them. These data can be qualitative or quantitative and the raw information tin exist supplemented with drawings, pictures, photos, or videos. From many observations, the scientist can infer conclusions (inductions) based on testify. Inductive reasoning involves formulating generalizations inferred from careful observation and the assay of a large amount of data. Brain studies provide an example. In this type of research, many alive brains are observed while people are doing a specific activeness, such equally viewing images of nutrient. The part of the brain that "lights up" during this action is then predicted to be the part decision-making the response to the selected stimulus; in this instance, images of food. The "lighting upwardly" of the various areas of the brain is caused past excess absorption of radioactive sugar derivatives past active areas of the brain. The resultant increment in radioactivity is observed by a scanner. And then researchers tin stimulate that role of the brain to run across if similar responses result.

Deductive reasoning or deduction is the blazon of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reason, the pattern of thinking moves in the opposite direction as compared to inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is a course of logical thinking that uses a general principle or police to forecast specific results. From those full general principles, a scientist can extrapolate and predict the specific results that would be valid as long as the general principles are valid. Studies in climatic change tin can illustrate this type of reasoning. For case, scientists may predict that if the climate becomes warmer in a particular region, then the distribution of plants and animals should alter. These predictions have been written and tested, and many such predicted changes have been observed, such as the modification of arable areas for agriculture correlated with changes in the average temperatures.

Both types of logical thinking are related to the two main pathways of scientific study: descriptive science and hypothesis-based science. Descriptive (or discovery) science, which is commonly anterior, aims to observe, explore, and find, while hypothesis-based science, which is normally deductive, begins with a specific question or problem and a potential answer or solution that can be tested. The boundary betwixt these two forms of report is ofttimes blurred and most scientific endeavors combine both approaches. The fuzzy boundary becomes apparent when thinking nigh how easily observation can lead to specific questions. For example, a gentleman in the 1940s observed that the burr seeds that stuck to his clothes and his canis familiaris'south fur had a tiny hook structure. Upon closer inspection, he discovered that the burrs' gripping device was more reliable than a zipper. He eventually developed a company and produced the hook-and-loop fastener popularly known today as Velcro. Descriptive science and hypothesis-based science are in continuous dialogue.

A Burr: This fruit attaches to creature fur via the hooks on its surface to improve distribution. Velcro is an example of a biomimetic invention which has copied burrs and uses small flexible hooks to reversibly attach to fluffy surfaces.

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a procedure by which observations are questioned; hypotheses are created and tested; and the results are analyzed.

Learning Objectives

Hash out hypotheses and the components of a scientific experiment equally part of the scientific method

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• In the scientific method, observations lead to questions that require answers.
• In the scientific method, the hypothesis is a testable statement proposed to respond a question.
• In the scientific method, experiments (often with controls and variables) are devised to exam hypotheses.
• In the scientific method, analysis of the results of an experiment volition lead to the hypothesis beingness accepted or rejected.

Primal Terms

• scientific method: a way of discovering knowledge based on making falsifiable predictions (hypotheses), testing them, and developing theories based on nerveless data
• hypothesis: an educated guess that commonly is found in an "if…then…" format
• control group: a group that contains every feature of the experimental grouping except it is not given the manipulation that is hypothesized

The Scientific Method

Biologists study the living world by posing questions about information technology and seeking science -based responses. This arroyo is common to other sciences as well and is often referred to as the scientific method. The scientific method was used even in aboriginal times, but it was first documented by England's Sir Francis Bacon (1561–1626) who prepare up inductive methods for scientific inquiry. The scientific method can be applied to almost all fields of study as a logical, rational, trouble-solving method.

Sir Francis Bacon: Sir Francis Bacon (1561–1626) is credited with being the offset to ascertain the scientific method.

The scientific procedure typically starts with an observation (often a trouble to exist solved) that leads to a question. Permit's think about a simple problem that starts with an observation and apply the scientific method to solve the problem. A teenager notices that his friend is really tall and wonders why. So his question might exist, "Why is my friend so tall? "

The Scientific Method: The scientific method consists of a serial of well-defined steps. If a hypothesis is not supported by experimental data, a new hypothesis can exist proposed.

Proposing a Hypothesis

Recollect that a hypothesis is an educated guess that can be tested. Hypotheses often also include an explanation for the educated guess. To solve one problem, several hypotheses may be proposed. For case, the student might believe that his friend is tall because he drinks a lot of milk. So his hypothesis might exist "If a person drinks a lot of milk, then they will grow to be very alpine because milk is good for your bones." Generally, hypotheses have the format "If…and so…" Keep in listen that there could be other responses to the question; therefore, other hypotheses may be proposed. A second hypothesis might exist, "If a person has alpine parents, then they volition too be alpine, because they have the genes to be tall. "

Once a hypothesis has been selected, the student can make a prediction. A prediction is similar to a hypothesis but it is truly a approximate. For instance, they might predict that their friend is tall because he drinks a lot of milk.

Testing a Hypothesis

A valid hypothesis must be testable. It should also be falsifiable, meaning that information technology can exist disproven past experimental results. Importantly, science does not claim to "prove" anything because scientific understandings are e'er field of study to modification with farther information. This step—openness to disproving ideas—is what distinguishes sciences from non-sciences. The presence of the supernatural, for instance, is neither testable nor falsifiable. To test a hypothesis, a researcher volition conduct 1 or more than experiments designed to eliminate one or more of the hypotheses. Each experiment will have ane or more than variables and 1 or more controls. A variable is any office of the experiment that tin vary or alter during the experiment. The command group contains every characteristic of the experimental group except information technology is not given the manipulation that is hypothesized. For example, a control group could be a group of varied teenagers that did not drink milk and they could be compared to the experimental group, a grouping of varied teenagers that did drinkable milk. Thus, if the results of the experimental group differ from the control group, the difference must be due to the hypothesized manipulation rather than some exterior factor. To test the first hypothesis, the student would discover out if drinking milk affects tiptop. If drinking milk has no affect on height, then at that place must be some other reason for the height of the friend. To test the second hypothesis, the student could bank check whether or not his friend has tall parents. Each hypothesis should be tested past carrying out appropriate experiments. Be aware that rejecting one hypothesis does not determine whether or non the other hypotheses can exist accepted. Information technology simply eliminates one hypothesis that is not valid. Using the scientific method, the hypotheses that are inconsistent with experimental data are rejected.

While this "tallness" example is based on observational results, other hypotheses and experiments might have clearer controls. For instance, a student might nourish course on Mon and realize she had difficulty concentrating on the lecture. Ane hypothesis to explain this occurrence might exist, "If I eat breakfast before form, and so I am better able to pay attention." The student could then design an experiment with a control to exam this hypothesis.

The scientific method may seem too rigid and structured. It is important to go on in mind that although scientists oft follow this sequence, there is flexibility. Many times, scientific discipline does not operate in a linear manner. Instead, scientists continually draw inferences and make generalizations, finding patterns equally their research proceeds. Scientific reasoning is more complex than the scientific method alone suggests.

Basic and Practical Science

Basic scientific discipline increases the knowledge base of a field of inquiry while applied science uses that knowledge to solve specific bug.

Learning Objectives

Differentiate between basic and practical scientific discipline

Cardinal Takeaways

Cardinal Points

• The but goal of bones science research is to increment the knowledge base of a detail discipline.
• Engineering uses the knowledge base supplied by bones science to devise solutions, oft technological, to specific bug.
• The basic scientific discipline involved in mapping the homo genome is leading to applied scientific discipline techniques that will diagnose and care for genetic diseases.

Fundamental Terms

• bones scientific discipline: enquiry done solely to expand the knowledge base of operations
• applied scientific discipline: The discipline dealing with the art or science of applying scientific knowledge to practical problems.

2 Types of Science: Basic Science and Applied science

The scientific community has been debating for the last few decades virtually the value of unlike types of science. Is it valuable to pursue science for the sake of simply gaining knowledge, or does scientific noesis simply have worth if we tin apply it to solving a specific problem or to bettering our lives? This question focuses on the differences betwixt two types of science: basic science and applied science.

Bones science or "pure" science seeks to aggrandize knowledge regardless of the curt-term application of that cognition. It is not focused on developing a production or a service of immediate public or commercial value. The goal of basic scientific discipline is knowledge for noesis's sake; though this does non mean that, in the end, information technology may not result in a practical application.

In contrast, technology or "technology" aims to utilise science to solve existent-globe problems such as improving crop yields, finding a cure for a item disease, or saving animals threatened by a natural disaster. In technology, the problem is usually divers for the researcher.

Example of Applied Scientific discipline: After Hurricane Ike struck the Gulf Coast in 2008, the U.S. Fish and Wild fauna Service rescued this chocolate-brown pelican. Thank you to practical scientific discipline, scientists knew how to rehabilitate the bird.

Some individuals may perceive applied science as "useful" and basic science every bit "useless." A question these people might pose to a scientist advocating knowledge acquisition would be, "What for?" A careful await at the history of scientific discipline, however, reveals that basic knowledge has resulted in many remarkable applications of dandy value. Many scientists think that a basic understanding of scientific discipline is necessary before an application is developed; therefore, applied science relies on the results generated through basic scientific discipline. Other scientists think that information technology is time to move on from basic scientific discipline and instead to discover solutions to actual problems. Both approaches are valid. Information technology is truthful that in that location are problems that need firsthand attention; however, few solutions would be found without the aid of the wide knowledge foundation generated through basic science.

A Link Between Bones and Applied science: The Human Genome Project was a xiii-year collaborative effort amongst researchers working in several unlike fields of scientific discipline. The project, which sequenced the entire human genome, was completed in 2003.

One example of how basic and practical science can work together to solve practical problems occurred after the discovery of DNA structure led to an understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing DNA replication. Strands of Dna, unique in every human, are found in our cells where they provide the instructions necessary for life. During Dna replication, DNA makes new copies of itself shortly before a jail cell divides. Understanding the mechanisms of DNA replication enabled scientists to develop laboratory techniques that are now used to place genetic diseases, pinpoint individuals who were at a law-breaking scene, and determine paternity. Without basic science, it is unlikely that practical science would exist.

Another example of the link betwixt basic and applied inquiry is the Human Genome Projection, a study in which each human chromosome was analyzed and mapped to determine the precise sequence of DNA subunits and the exact location of each gene. (The gene is the bones unit of heredity; an individual'due south complete drove of genes is his or her genome. ) Other less complex organisms have also been studied equally part of this project in order to proceeds a amend understanding of human being chromosomes. The Human Genome Projection relied on bones enquiry carried out with simple organisms and, afterwards, with the human genome. An important cease goal somewhen became using the information for applied enquiry to seek cures and early diagnoses for genetically-related diseases.

While inquiry efforts in both bones science and engineering are normally carefully planned, information technology is important to note that some discoveries are fabricated past serendipity; that is, past means of a fortunate accident or a lucky surprise. Penicillin was discovered when biologist Alexander Fleming accidentally left a petri dish of Staphylococcus bacteria open. An unwanted mold grew on the dish, killing the bacteria. The mold turned out to exist Penicillium and a new antibiotic was discovered. Even in the highly organized earth of science, luck, when combined with an observant, curious listen, can lead to unexpected breakthroughs.

Publishing Scientific Piece of work

Publication of scientific research in a peer-reviewed journal allows other scientists access to the research.

Learning Objectives

Describe the role played by peer-reviewed scientific articles

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The torso of scientific cognition is recorded in peer-reviewed scientific discipline journals which allow other scientists to determine what has been washed previously and where their own enquiry fits in the larger discipline.
• A scientific commodity generally follows the steps of the scientific method: introduction (background, observations, question), materials and methods (hypothesis and experimental programme), results (analysis of collected information), and discussion (conclusions drawn from analysis).
• Peer reviewers are other researchers in that subject who advisedly dissect, analyze, and critique a enquiry article submitted for publication.
• Review articles (summaries and commentaries on prior research in a field of study) also go through the peer-review process.

Fundamental Terms

• peer review: The scholarly process whereby manuscripts intended to be published in an academic periodical are reviewed by independent researchers to evaluate the contribution, importance, and accurateness of the manuscript'due south contents.

Reporting Scientific Work

Scientists must share their findings in order for other researchers to expand and build upon their discoveries. Collaboration with other scientists—when planning, conducting, and analyzing results—are all important for scientific research. For this reason, a major aspect of a scientist'south work is communicating with peers and disseminating results to peers. Scientists tin can share results by presenting them at a scientific meeting or conference, but this approach tin attain only the select few who are present. Instead, most scientists present their results in peer-reviewed manuscripts that are published in scientific journals. Peer-reviewed manuscripts are scientific papers that are reviewed by a scientist'southward colleagues or peers. These colleagues are qualified individuals, often experts in the same inquiry area, who judge whether or not the scientist's work is suitable for publication. The process of peer review helps to ensure that the research described in a scientific paper or grant proposal is original, meaning, logical, and thorough. Grant proposals, which are requests for research funding, are also discipline to peer review. Scientists publish their work and so other scientists can reproduce their experiments under similar or different weather condition to expand on the findings. The experimental results must be consistent with the findings of other scientists.

Scientific Periodical: Scientific research is published in peer-reviewed scientific journals.

A scientific newspaper is very dissimilar from creative writing. Although creativity is required to design experiments, in that location are fixed guidelines when it comes to presenting scientific results. Scientific writing must exist brief, concise, and authentic. It needs to be succinct but detailed-enough to allow peers to reproduce the experiments.

The scientific newspaper consists of several specific sections: introduction, materials and methods, results, and word. This structure is sometimes chosen the "IMRaD" format. There are usually acknowledgment and reference sections, as well as an abstract (a concise summary) at the beginning of the paper. In that location might be boosted sections depending on the type of paper and the journal where information technology will be published; for instance, some review papers require an outline.

The introduction starts with brief, but broad, groundwork information about what is known in the field. A good introduction likewise gives the rationale and justification for the work. The introduction refers to the published scientific piece of work of others and, therefore, requires citations following the way of the journal. Using the work or ideas of others without proper citation is considered plagiarism.

The materials and methods department includes a complete and accurate description of the substances and the techniques used by the researchers to gather data. The clarification should exist thorough, yet concise, while providing enough information to allow another researcher to repeat the experiment and obtain like results. This department will likewise include information on how measurements were fabricated and what types of calculations and statistical analyses were used to examine raw data. Although the materials and methods section gives an accurate description of the experiments, information technology does not discuss them.

Journals may crave split results and give-and-take sections, or it may combine them in one department. If the journal does not allow the combination of both sections, the results section simply narrates the findings without any farther estimation. The results are presented by ways of tables or graphs, but no indistinguishable information should be presented. In the discussion department, the researcher will interpret the results, depict how variables may be related, and attempt to explicate the observations. It is indispensable to conduct an all-encompassing literature search to put the results in the context of previously-published scientific research. Therefore, proper citations are included in this section as well.

Finally, the conclusion section summarizes the importance of the experimental findings. While the scientific paper almost certainly answered one or more scientific questions that were stated, any good research should atomic number 82 to more questions. A well-written scientific paper leaves doors open up for the researcher and others to continue and expand on the findings.

Review articles do non follow the IMRAD format considering they do not nowadays original scientific findings or primary literature. Instead, they summarize and comment on findings that were published as primary literature. They typically include extensive reference sections.

Branches and Subdisciplines of Biological science

The field of biological science can exist divided into various branches and subdisciplines, which leads to careers that result in more focused fields.

Learning Objectives

Recognize the various subfields of biology; east.g. microbiology, genetics, evolutionary, etc.

Primal Takeaways

Key Points

• Biological science is wide and focuses on the report of life from various perspectives.
• The branches and subdisciplines of biology, which are highly focused areas, accept resulted in the development of careers that are specific to these branches and subdisciplines.
• Branches of biological study include microbiology, physiology, ecology and genetics; subdisciplines within these branches tin include: microbial physiology, microbial ecology and microbial genetics.

Key Terms

• genetic engineering: the deliberate modification of the genetic structure of an organism
• forensic: Relating to the use of science and applied science in the investigation and establishment of facts or evidence in a court of law.

Branches of Biological Written report

The scope of biology is broad and therefore contains many branches and subdisciplines. Biologists may pursue one of those subdisciplines and work in a more focused field. The biological branches are divided according to the focus of the subject field and can fifty-fifty be divided based on the types of techniques and tools used to study that specific focus. However, with the increasing amount of basic biological information growing due to advances in technology and databases, there is often cross-discipline and collaboration between branches. For instance, molecular biology and biochemistry report biological processes at the molecular and chemical level, respectively, including interactions among molecules such every bit DNA, RNA, and proteins, equally well every bit the way they are regulated. Microbiology, the report of microorganisms, is the study of the construction and function of single-celled organisms. It is quite a broad branch itself, and depending on the subject area of report, at that place are also microbial physiologists, ecologists, and geneticists, among others.

Biological Disciplines and Careers

Forensic science is the awarding of science to respond questions related to the police. Biologists as well as chemists and biochemists can be forensic scientists. Forensic scientists provide scientific testify for use in courts, and their task involves examining trace materials associated with crimes.Their chore activities are primarily related to crimes against people such every bit murder, rape, and assail. Their work involves analyzing samples such every bit hair, claret, and other body fluids, including the processing of DNA constitute in many dissimilar environments and materials associated with the crime scenes.

Forensic Science: This forensic scientist works in a DNA extraction room at the U.South. Ground forces Criminal Investigation Laboratory at Fort Gillem, GA.

Another field of biological written report, neurobiology, is the study of the nervous organization, and although it is considered a branch of biology, it is as well recognized as an interdisciplinary bailiwick known as neuroscience. Because of its interdisciplinary nature, this subdiscipline focuses on different functions of the nervous arrangement using molecular, cellular, developmental, medical, and computational approaches.

Additional branches of biology include paleontology, which uses fossils to written report life's history; zoology, which studies animals; and phytology, which studies plants. Biologists can too specialize as biotechnologists, ecologists, or physiologists. This is only a small sample of the many fields that biologists can pursue.

Paleontology: Researchers work on excavating dinosaur fossils at a site in Castellón, Kingdom of spain.

Biology is the culmination of the achievements of the natural sciences from their inception to today. Excitingly, information technology is the cradle of emerging sciences such as the biology of brain activity, genetic engineering of custom organisms, and the biological science of evolution that uses the laboratory tools of molecular biology to retrace the primeval stages of life on earth. A scan of news headlines—whether reporting on immunizations, a newly discovered species, sports doping, or a genetically-modified food—demonstrates the way biology is active in and important to our everyday world.

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